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LIN 403
Assignment 4
Activity 1: It’s a beautiful sunny morning on a warm Caribbean Island. An important decision is about to be taken on the choice of the island’s official language.
⦁ Good morning Mr. Marley. I presume you know that I’ve summoned you to discuss a very important issue, which is the adoption of English as the official language of our island?
⦁ How are you doing Robert. Me very well. We must first agree on what makes English the official language when all’s we hear is Creole here.
I feel dat Creole is for our people what Standard English to you. Creole is the language that is spoke in our homes with our families and neighbours. Many of us believe it should be adopt as the official language.
⦁ I understand your point but you seem to be missing mine. One must set standards in order to qualify English as a standard language, not some bastardized mixture. After all, uniformity, my dear collaborator, has allowed us to broaden our relations with the rest of the world.
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⦁ I try not to take offense at to the word ‘bastardized’ Mista Robert,
but with all due respect to the history of English, our people no longer wish to abide to those so–called standards. We now know dat language is in constant change and evolution and people must stand up an respect their land, culture and people and dat includes how dey speak in deir homeland. It is called a dialect. We should start by asserting our own standards of the common language that is spoken here on the Island and no longer abide to by the old standards of old rulers.
⦁ Yes. One must however consider that the Empire has always treated its colonies with the utmost respect and has not only given the people a sense of belonging to English history but also instilled over time a sense of responsibility to ensure that upmost respect be accorded to standards in both the language and culture of each country that the monarchy rules or has ruled. Thanks to England and to its many Standard ‘Englishes’, you should be proud of the place our Caribbean country currently holds in International trade and policy and we should honour that by adopting English as the official language of our Island.
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⦁ Yeah, you are very right in including people and culture in dis discussion. Here on this island, we have been assimilated and taught to adhere to a language and culture that is not ours. However, since our independence, we are now a free country and Creole is without doubt more representative of our culture, one that symbolizes our history before the British came to colonize and alter our ways. I not saying that it’s pejorative but times are changing, Robert. Yes it’s true dat we are now known internationally ‘cause it was convenient to use what the English have brought to us but rememba dat our local folklore, including music, poetry and literature tell our true African roots told in our own words and that Mr. Robert, is what best represents who we are.
⦁ Who we are, who we are… We are part of the International Language Community and Standard English rules!! We have set the standards over the world over and one cannot simply not rule out the
expectations of such a noble usage worldwide, that everyone longs to acquire, should I remind you.
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⦁ Yes sir. I still say dat we should stand up for our rights, stand up for the fight. We count and so do our heritage and local colours. Creole is the Caribbean variety of English and it must be proudly shared with our brothers and sisters worldwide. Don’t you agree Sir?
Sir John looks perplexed, in deep thought. Suddenly a smile spreads across his face.
⦁ Perhaps Creole should be adopted as the official language… I have to agree that the place we now hold, thanks to Standard American and British English, is secure. Creole as our official language could label us as leaders with innovative ideas. Such a decision That would certainly
impress (word choice, maybe alleviate) the international concern
regarding English cultural diversity. With Creole as our official language, we can display our true colours and increase local pride! Yes!! You are a genius, man!! Creole will be our new Standard English or should I say a Creole-based standard form of English for the whole world to discover! We could be innovators instigators of change!
⦁ I totally agree Man, now let’s go to the market and look for a place to celebrate our Creole-style. Ya man!
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The two men exit the office, satisfied to have respectfully chosen Creole as the official language. Their choice was based on pride for the land, people and Caribbean culture while Standard English continues to be used to communicate with the global community as the Lingua Franca.
Please, remember that a dialog requires specific punctuation:
Use quotation marks before and after a character’s exact words. Place a period inside closing quotation marks.
“Peter and Esteban are joining us.”
Place a question mark or an exclamation point inside the quotation marks when it is part of the quotation.
“When will we be back?” Ray asked.
The dialog is clear and shows that you have understood the political, social and economic implications of language policies. Good work!
Design Format 9 /15
Balance and articulation of viewpoints 35 /35
Vocabulary and diction ( for Creole speaker) 25 /25
Score : 69 /75 /10= 6.9 7.5
Activity 2: Francophone, Anglophone or Bilingual?
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I was born in Montreal and have lived in Quebec most of my life. My mother is of Irish descent and grew up in Griffin Town. My father, born and raised north of the Metropolitan boul. was born of comes
from a Scottish father and an American Metis Francophone mother.
To therefore examine the issue of bilingualism is an interesting phenomenon with this mixture of European and native heritage with both languages present.
My father was raised by a Francophone mother who married a man who didn’t know a word of French. The spoken language within the family was therefore English and French. Georgiana knew how to speak English because her family had moved to New England in her childhood in the early 1900’s when many people migrated to the US. She missed her francophone roots so decided to move back to Montreal where she met John Johnson, an orphan child immigrant. They raised 8 children in a bilingual context. My father somehow related more to his Scottish roots and went as far as rejecting the Catholic Religion to the more open Protestant denomination. My mother, on the other hand was very Anglophone and Roman Catholic. She too, after much
discussion and arguing, finally convinced her father to bless her
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marriage to my father Leslie and later also converted to Protestantism.
My parents therefore raised us in an English milieu in Snowdon and it was definitely the first language in our family. My siblings went to English school and are still very Anglophone even if they grew up in Montreal where English and French have always cohabited. I like to think of myself not as the black sheep of the family, but as the tie- dye one. Educated in French, I could say that I have been assimilated into the French Culture. In fact, I taught myself to read and write English as a child. Later, in high school, my English Second Language Teacher was an Anglophone and we were blessed by his love of the language of Shakespeare. I am so grateful to him today for transferring his transcending the love for the English classics.
I was a young adult in the 80’s, a time when Quebec had a very charismatic leader called René Levesque. I fit right in with the times, having heated discussions about the future of Quebec with my francophone friends while listening to Quebecois music, a folklore which is very representative of the French culture. Much to my
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parents’ dismay, their youngest daughter was discussing separatism, listening to Québécois music, smoking Gitane cigarettes in pubs in Old my Montreal! French had become my preferred language but my English heritage was also very important and at the centre of my life. Bilingualism was a concept that I related to and promoted within circle. I came from a strong position since I spoke French as well or better than any Francophone and vice-versa for English.
Montreal is a fine example of the cohabitation of two languages. Books have been written on the matter (The Two Solitudes). In the case of countries that have been colonized, abandoned and re-conquered by another empire, dissention between the people is bound to occur.
Quebec especially has been hard hit by a sea of Anglophones and although leaders have tried and are still trying to stimulate people into taking the risk of breaking away from the confederation, the chip on the Québécois shoulder, as a conquered nation, is and has always been too much of a heavy load to assume. Referendum after referendum and still, the people of Quebec failed to risk the insecurities that such a choice would entail.
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For the rest of Canada, the second language as stipulated in the Federal Constitution is French. Many Canadians do not speak it, not even on a functional level. Most employees that work as civil servants in Federal offices are unilingual English. Defenders of the French language are policing the bills to make sure that the French language be protected. After all, pockets of French are spoken nation-wide and, in a system of cultural cutbacks, one must not compromise the language issue of bilingualism, We, has a bilingual nation, must respect
the bills that have been put in place to promote the use of both languages and thus to preserve national identity whatever it that may
be for each and every Canadian.
Appropriateness of Examples 20 /20
Sociolinguistic Acuracy of Analysis 15 /20
Spelling and Punctuation 8 /10
Score : 43 /50/10= 4.3/ 5.
Activity 3:
Question 1: Is Standard English proficiency the prerequisite for good English?
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Children who are taught Standard English have a much better chance at being to be proficient in the English language. A child that has not had any second language teaching will take longer to learn it if he/she attempts to learn one later in life. Studies have shown that instruction of a language in a classroom setting when you are a child can help with proficiency. However, we also know that a language is also learned ‘in the street’, in other words, out of the school context. In a classroom, the focus is on the language itself rather than on the message carried by the language. The teacher’s goal is mostly to see that the students learn the vocabulary and grammatical rules of the target language. The message, conveyed by the culture and the people is learned in a more social context where daily communication plays an important role. So yes, I think that children who are taught Standard English will have more success mastering the basics of the language structure. However, one must also consider the importance to spontaneous oral language use, which also helps second language learners to progress more rapidly. Does the use of Standard English all over Canada guarantee national unity? Perhaps it is necessary to define the contexts in which a uniformity of language is needed.
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Language homogeneity tends to occur in major communication institutions like the CBC for example. If you are a commentator or collaborator on Radio 1 CBC news, your level of language is pretty much identical to your colleagues’. Perhaps you are a Canadian of different descent but you share a common language and that is Standard Canadian English. The same goes for written communication. In a country where there are so many different English varieties, (run-on sentence) commonality is the connection with the readers in the Mosaic in which we live in here in Canada and therefore I agree with language being something that unifies people to each other and may even open doors to new cultural surroundings being made accessible through sets of standards regarding language.
Question 2: What language do you speak?
Can education in a chosen language, whether English or French isolate those who don’t speak the language?
Learning a new language can be intimidating and that can lead to isolation. In a perfect world, settings for learning are homogenous and everybody moves forward together. Of course, we know this is
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idealistic thinking. Let’s take my daughter for example. She is perfectly bilingual having been educated in the French system like me. However, she went to an English primary school, the only English school is our Ottawa Region: the Petite-Nation. Protestant settlers occupied Namur, the town where my daughter was born and raised.
English is spoken by approximately 1% of the population. Therefore, most of Annette’s classmates went to an English school but their mother tongue was French. Obviously, the teaching staff had to adapt the curriculum for those students who did not have the skills to adapt to an English-speaking environment this brand new language setting.
I teach in an Adult Education Centre in the Petite-Nation. Some of my daughter’s classmates are currently studying in our Centre to obtain their high school diploma. The problem is that, although they do very well at communicating in English in a second language context, they still need to pass their Secondary 5 French ‘langue d’enseignement’.
So, they are 19 years old, no high school diploma yet, struggling to get through the 1st cycle of the High School French Curriculum. So, yes, I think that it can be isolating to not know how to speak a language that
you are expected to be proficient in ( avoid run-on sentences)and,
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because you went to an English school does not mean that you ever will be sufficiently prepared to meet the requirements of both languages set by the Education system in Quebec.
Question 3: Can an intolerant speech community that imposes their own language rules be a real community?
There are two issues that need to be discussed in this question. The first is the concept of intolerance and the second the notion of imposition. Both are contradictory to what comes to mind when we talk of communities. Aren’t they complementary?
In order for a community to coexist harmoniously, there needs to be acceptance, tolerance, cooperation and most importantly an open-
mindedness in the larger sense. All of these concepts are positive and create a much different result than when something is imposed, demanded and excluded if one doesn’t adhere. Take a family for example. There can be 3 very different children with the same parents. They react differently to the demands set by their parents. Some will adhere and follow the rules, no questions asked. Some will respect the status Quo and others will rebel. Are they still a family?
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They are unless an authoritarian figure decides that they no longer belong because they think differently. Is that fair? Absolutely not! A community is not a community if we have to adhere to a rigid mindset and if we have no liberty to exert our free will. Everyone should have the right to choose what language they want to speak and it should never be imposed. Rather, enticing, through culture, sharing and learning will awaken the desire to meet the needs of the communities and show the appeal of global awareness including the different languages and cultures that inhabit this world.
Question 4: The adoption of SE and its culture.
Yes I really think that if I lived long enough in London for example, I would awaken to the European English variety and adopt its culture. I probably would include new expressions and language rules too. I believe that English unifies all of the countries that use it as a first
language including all varieties, sub-varieties and dialects. History has a way of unifying nations so whether you are British, American, Canadian, African, Australian or from the Caribbean, there is a common thread defined by historical and cultural realities.
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Literature, poetry and the arts in general are all mediums used to connect incorrect metaphor/ unclear meaning the linking loops of the
spread of English world-wide. We live in a world where we can learn so
much of and from other cultures and true global awareness comes when one can make connections with others and view them as part of the global English family.
Strength of Argument 35 /40
Interpretative Skills 33 /35
Score : 68 /75/10= 6.8 7.5
Total Score : 18/20 Excellent work! Keep it up!
ACTIVITY 2
⦁ Word: audition
General Canadian: /ɔːˈdɪʃən/
French Canadian: /odisjɔ̃/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /o/ instead of /ɔ/, /ɔ̃/ instead of/ə/;
consonant: /s/ instead of /ʃ/, deletion /n/;
Non Standard Variety: /ɑˈdɪʃən/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /ɑ/ instead of /ɔː/. Very good
⦁ Word: march
General Canadian: /mɑːtʃ/
French Canadian: /mɑrʃ/
Difference from General Canadian: consonant addition /r/ and tʃ becomes ʃ
Non Standard Variety: /mᴂtʃ/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /ᴂ/ instead of /ɑː/
⦁ Word: moral
General Canadian: /’mɔrəl/
French Canadian: /mɔrɑl/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /ɑ/ instead of /ə/
Non Standard Variety: /’mɑrəl/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /ɑ/ instead of /ɔ/ Very good
Jan.23, 2017
⦁ Word: normal
General Canadian: /ˈnɔːməl/
French Canadian: /nɔrmɑl/
Difference from General Canadian: consonant addition /r/
vowel: /ɑ/ instead of /ə/;
Non Standard Variety: /ˈnɑməl/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /ɑ/ instead of /ɔː/ Very good
⦁ Word: violence
General Canadian: /’vɑɪələns/
French Canadian: /vjɔlãs/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /ɔ/ instead of /ɑɪə/, /ã/ instead of /ə/;
consonant addition /j/, deletion /n/;
Non Standard Variety: /’vΛɪələns/
Difference from General Canadian: vowel: /Λɪ/ instead of /ɑɪ/ Very good
Words General Canadian French Canadian Difference From General Canadian English Non- standard Variety Difference from General Canadian English
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
Score : 28 /30=» 4.7 / 5%
Jan.23, 2017
Question 1
Accuracy of Text 5 /5
Naturalness/Pronunciation 4 /5
Accuracy of Stress and Intonation Patterns 4 /5
Accurate transcription of the article. Mispronounced words:
Sound /saʊnd/
Vowel /vaʊəl/
Intonation: Monotonous/ statements in English are pronounced with a falling intonation. Hich pitch Low pitch
Score : 13 /15 =» 4.5 /5%
Total Score: 9.2/10 Excellent work!
ACTIVITY 1
Standard English is a very difficult concept to understand for an English learner like me from a country like China. Before I began to study this course, the concept of standard English for me Missing verb =» was just like the Standard Chinese (or Mandarin) in my mind, which means a
language invented and used by whose? its ancestors, developed during their years living, and
finally accepted and dominated within most of the residents in now days.
Actually, the history of Standard English is quite short. Only after the 15th century, the prototype of the modern English, the early modern English, had has incorrect word choice=» appeared
from the dialect in London, the biggest city in Britain British. Missing words here Thanks to
inadequate=» the promoting job of William Shakespeare. Only after 1755, Samuel Johnson
published his work, a dictionary of the English language which served as a basis for…then can
we regard that the standard English will possible root from the modern English.
A not-especially-trained Chinese person can easily read a book written by 2000 years ago with a simple training. However, this is impossible for an English-speaking man. Although we consider the people living in great Britain British island were always speaking ‘English’, that ‘English’,
which we know as old English and middle English, is very different from with the standard form
of English we are talking about now.
In a narrow sense, the standard English means the broadcast language used in British
Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Its received pronunciation, which is described as public school pronunciation in the English Pronouncing Dictionary published in 1917 by Dr. Daniel Jones.
This pronunciation is based on dialect used in south England, easier to understand be understood
and taught in public school and Preparatory school. According to the statistics from BBC, only 3%
Dec 20, 2016
populations use are using standard English in the UK, and these people are always in the high
social positions.
In a broad sense, the Standard English is the language to the people who consider English as
their mother language. From this side, despite its pronunciation and dialect variation, we can divide it into standard American English, standard Australian English, into standard Canadian English, standard New Zealand English, standard Singapore English, standard Scotland English,
and so on.
The connection between the ideas is not obvious. However you have understood the fluctuating nature of Standard English. Errors in syntax and word choice impede understanding at times. Carefully proofread your responses.
Points Criteria Score
5 Sociolinguistic appropriateness and clarity of analysis 3
5 Grammatical accuracy 2
5 Spelling and punctuation 2
Score : 7/15=» 3.5/7.5
ACTIVITY 2
Mother tongue
Mother tongue (also first language) is the language that a person has been exposed to from birth, or that a person speaks the best and so it is often the basis of for sociolinguistic identity. In terms
of language spread, change, or maintenance, the mother tongue is the language that a person learned by children and passed from one generation to the next.
Official language
English, as an official language, is used in the various agencies of government, such as courts,
parliament, military and civil administrations, and even educational institutions. In terms of language spread, change, or maintenance, English is eventually developed through its use, while other languages were are neglected and missing words here prohibited entirely.
National language
A national language, such as English, is a language that is spoken and written by the majority of the inhabitants in a country Not systematically. In terms of language spread, change, or maintenance, the national literary language is the most important developing form of a national
language because of the increasing complexity and development of the national culture of a people.
Points Criteria Score
5 Concision 4
5 Grammatical accuracy 3
5 Spellingand punctuation 4
Score: 11/15=» 3.7/5
ACTIVITY 3
Appalachian English is the language used by American English speakers who live lived in
Appalachian region of the eastern United States. It was thought speakers of A English were lazy and uneducated the users of it to be laziness and lack of education. However, researches revealed
that it is a separate variety of English incorrect word choice=»roots from a remnant of
Elizabethan English. Although an Appalachian English speaker can easily understand Standard English, incorrect sentence pattern =»but not vice versa. Moreover, it was found that
Appalachian English speakers were unwilling to be looked upon as change phrasing a lower status user compared to Standard English speakers.
The Appalachian English shares many features with other varieties of southern English and has
only five phonological variables within most of the speakers. In the word formation side, the
Appalachian English also shares the rules of the greater Southern English. Based on its rules for vowel pronunciation and grammar, they make this language a legitimate dialect and not just a
corruption like slang.
Indian English, also known as Hinglish ( inaccurate), is mainly used in Indian, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Since 1835， UK colonial authorities began to use English in the local, and encouraged the widespread use of English in India, especially in the colonial education system, which word choice only service for the elite class.
The Indian language uses the Syllable-Timed rhythm. Therefore, the Indian English also has the
same rhythm characteristics. Syntax =»Weaken during the reading of vowel into a strong reading, results in a gradual tone (Not clear). In Indian English, the new usage of some words, or the new words were often created to express some unique culture, concepts, or thinking in India. The widespread use of acronyms and abbreviations is also another feature of the Indian English
=»(Inaccurate), especially in writing. The use of Indian English not only helps this country to overcome the social divisions and conflicts, but also established a united group, who is beyond
the races and social classes.
The Appalachian English and The Indian language are both the reginal varieties stemming from
British English. And they both maintain the features of Standard English ( Inaccurate), at the same time, added some different from its root. These are all great examples of English the
evolution of English: an endlessly process.
Points Criteria Score
5 Sociolinguisticappropriateness and clarity of analysis 3
5 Effective use of illustrations 2
5 Grammaticalaccuracy 1
5 Spellingand punctuation 4
Score: 10/20=» 3.8/7.5
Total Score: 11/20. Carefully proofread your responses. Some interesting ideas. Keep on working!
Canada: from east to west coast; two distinct varieties of Canadian English
If someone could travel across Canada, he would probably hear such a distinguish of dialects from one
place to another place, that he could imagine him while travelling in many different English-speaking countries. However, the most distinctive English accent is probably located on in the eastern province of this large country:
Newfoundland.
Newfoundland was the earliest part of Canada to have been settled by English speakers. With its geographical isolation and with many communities isolated from one to another, they developed a wide varieties of dialects. Many words were directly inspired from the fishing industry. When conversing with a Newfoundlander, we can hear accents from Ireland, Scotland and England. Being so isolated from the mainland of Canada, helped create distinctive dialects, each one being different in sounds and syntax. We could say that the English spoken English
speaking in Newfoundland is a non-standard Canadian English. The most perceptive influences came probably
from the settlers from Ireland, who were about half of the population during several centuries.
While conversing with a local in a rural area of Newfoundland, we can hear some non-standard English expressions such as: I lent it from her, instead of: I borrowed it from her. It’s also perceptive while conversing to hear some non-standard pronunciation such as: ahways, instead of always, or, you shoun’t, instead of: you shouldn’t.
s
Syntax=»Mostly settled by people who conglomerate from U.S. to the center of Canada, around the
Saint-Laurence River and the Great Lakes, and then spread out east, west and north, English in Canada in is
generally uniform. So, we could say that the language spoken in English speaking in Canada is mostly General
Canadian English.
At the opposite of Newfoundland, there are not many dialect differences in on the central and western
parts of Canada. In fact, it’s very similar than to the northern U.S. English. The most significant is that General
Canadian English syntax=» shows more influence from British English dialects than the U.S. English.
However, according to many surveys, we can say that differences in language, no matter if the dialects spoken in the speaking from Maritimes or from western part of Canada, were determined by depend from the
differences in the experience and heritage of speech groups, logical relationship? and that education is often
synonymous with of a less conservative language. Those living in a secluded areas, often developed their own
idiolect and dialect, some words tending to remain in use in communities witch that are relatively isolated
geographically or culturally.
You should have been more specific in your description and connected the dialects you chose to historic events or social phenomena.
Question 1
/5 Accuracy of Content 3 /5
/5 Use of Illustrations 3 /5
/5 Language structures, Grammar, Spelling and Punctuation, 3 /5
Score: 9/15
Question 2
The elements you have provided are accurate but do not show the influence of historic events on the development of the English dialects in Newfoundland and the Central Plains. Good concision/ Correct annotations on the map.
/5 Creativity 3 /5
/5 Accuracy and relevance of examples 3 /5
/5 Concision 4 /5
Score : 10 /15=» 3.4 /5
Total Score : 12.4 /20 Fairly good! Don’t hesitate to contact me if you need any information about the next assignments.
The next assignment consists in a conversation with me on 2 different topics. We’ll have to schedule an appointment when you are ready.
ACTIVITY 1 – DEFINING ENGLISH
Standard English refers to a wide variety of English forms commonly used as a universal standard. This universal standard (Standard English is not a universal standard form of English=» it differs in different parts of the world) is not only used by the native speakers of English, but also by the people coming from different cultures and language within a same country, and worldwide, between different countries.
Standard English is used in various fields, including the countries of which it is not the official language. The business world is rich in Anglophone terms: global marketplace, communications, information technology, medical, etc.
Absolutely, so it is not universal=»Standard English forms include various dialects, and are regarded as linguistic varieties which may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, generally accepted by the English- speaking population in a specific area. A dialect is a regional speech pattern based on social, political, cultural and historical context.
A register consists of a variety of a language used for a particular purpose in a particular setting. The term register refers to degrees of formality in language use and style. As an For example, formal/informal English forms will be used according to the environment and the audience. For As an example, you will not be using the same register when you speak with your family and friends, and when you speak with someone you do not know or within your professional environment.
All Standard English forms may be different from one country to the other. While we see many differences with the use of Standard English, some of the differences are rather small, and have a lot in common. The use of Standard English forms does not necessarily affect the meaning of communications (word choice) communication between English-speaking people.
Activity 1: Defining English (7.5 points)
Points Criteria Score
5 Sociolinguistic appropriateness and clarity of analysis 3
5 Grammatical accuracy 4
5 Spelling and punctuation 5
You have perfectly understood that Standard English is a fluctuating concept. But, do we use Standard English in all registers?
To what extent is Standard English socially correlated to the elites? Score: 12/15=» 6/7.5
ACTIVITY 2 – VARIETIES TERMINOLOGY
Mother tongue
A mother tongue is a language that a person has learned from birth from its their parents and family. In terms of language spread, change, or maintenance, the mother tongue may vary depending on the cultural context and environment, and will be transmitted from parents to children.
Official language
An official language is a language recognized to be the main approved language of a country, state or organization. Note that there can be more than one main official approved language. Not systematically=»In terms of language spread, change, or maintenance, the official language will vary and evolve and follow the English standards.
Local language
A local language is a language spoken in a specific area resulting from cultural diversity, and historical context add a subject and a verb here with a specific dialect, and pronunciation. In terms of language spread, change, or maintenance, this local language will only be used locally, and will not spread over to other area, but it can certainly change.
Points Criteria Score
5 Concision 4
5 Grammaticalaccuracy 4
5 Spellingand punctuation 5
Score : 13/15=»4.4/5
ACTIVITY 3 – COMPARING VARIETIES
Indian English
The English language arrived in India as a result of colonization. India is one of the most linguistically diverse regions of the world. The people leading India’s economic, industrial, professional, political, and social life agreed to use the English language as a neutral language and consequently (incorrect word choice)=»approved this language as being chose it as one of their official languages. Missing words=» incomplete sentence Indian constitution
Despite the fact that the English-speaking population represents a minority, It is widely used in the media, higher education, the government, and businesses.
The English spoken in India is quite different from the English spoken in other regions of the world. It is a very unique variety which is called Indian-English. It is a mix of Indian and English words using a very simplified grammar, or even sometimes newly made-up words.
Appalachian accent
The Appalachian accent (It is not only an accent, it is dialect) is a special accent used by the people native to the Appalachian region. It includes multiple varieties of English,(which ones?) however, most commonly; Appalachian English refers to Southern American English. It also refers to an older variety of English.
People living in the heart of Appalachian region can be quickly and easily identified by their dialect and strong accent. All Appalachian English is rhotic, and is characterized by distinct phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon.
Their speech is some sort of a Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English yes. Speakers of Appalachian English have no trouble understanding Standard English
compared to outsiders, where many words are unfamiliar and may lead to confusion or misunderstanding.
You should have provided examples for both varieties of English. Your response also contains a few inaccuracies.
Please, pay special attention to the use of definite articles.
Points Criteria Score
5 Sociolinguisticappropriateness and clarity of analysis 3
5 Effective use of illustrations 2
5 Grammaticalaccuracy 3
5 Spellingand punctuation 5
Score : 13/20=» 5/7.5
Total Score : 15.4/20 It’s a good beginning. You’re on the right track. Keep it up!
Activity 1
Language contact and change
Before the European arrived in African continent, there were thousands of tribes with numerous dialects being used in this area. In this circumstance, English actually was serviced used as a vernacular link- language within Africa residents, as well as France French and Portuguese people. Therefore, sixteen Africa countries had selected English as their official language after World War II. Professor Ali A. Mazrui believes that English plays a very importance role in building African unity. And he also firstly proposed in 1975 that a great number of black African people should be looked as ‘Afro-Saxons’ (Mazrui,
A. 1975, The political sociology of the English language. The Hague: Mouton & Co)
However, most English-speaking persons use Creole instead of Standard English in African. For example, in the SL85 TV news, the announcer used ‘left state hoss’ for ‘house’ during the his news.
Kachru considers that English should belong to not only the traditional English-speaking people, but also to the people who use it as their first language, even if this English had been used in the non-standard forms. (Kachru B. B. 1986, The Alchemy of English.)
In the Australian TV ads, the man speaks English with a general Australian accent. It was identified as ugly and wrong in the past, but it is used and accepted by the younger generation. In fact, the new Australians are proud of their accent, unclear=»which make them much easier approachable to each other.
You should also have shown how English has changed through contact with other languages.
Points Criteria Score
10 Sociolinguistic appropriateness and clarity of analysis 5
5 Grammatical accuracy 2.5
5 Spelling and punctuation 4
Total Points 11.5 /20→ 2.85/ 5 points
Jan. 3, 2017
Activity 2
The code-switching in trilingual speakers in China
The official language in China mainland is Mandarin, which is based on Beijing dialect and has been being proposed and adopted since 1930s. Until now, the public education system is the only way to learn Mandarin for most Chinese people.
Although Mandarin is the only standard national language, there are still hundreds of local language varieties in China. In most circumstances, people learn and speak the dialect by of their parents and relatives at home. If a person only can only speak one dialect, he will hardly communicate with people from in other different groups.
With the development of society, English has become more and more important and irresistible in most large companies or big cities. Therefore, if a person who was born and grew up in Shanghai is working works for a multinational company, he will be a trilingual.
The following table is the code-switching of a typical Shanghai resident.
Occasion With Location Topic Code-switching
Family Parents/ siblings Home Daily life Shanghai dialect/ Mandarin
Grand-parents Home Daily life Shanghai dialect
Work
Colleague Office Business (face to face) Shanghai dialect/ Mandarin
Business(Email) English/ Mandarin
Out of office Chat Shanghai dialect/ Mandarin
Manager Office Business (face to face/email) English/ Mandarin
Client Office Business (face to face/email) English/ Mandarin
Social Shanghai friends Party Shanghai dialect
Chinese friends Party Mandarin
Oversea friends Party English
Shopping Seller Open market Asking price/inquire Shanghai dialect
Seller Shopping mall Asking price/inquire Mandarin
Dining out Waiter/Waitress Gourmet Gourmet English/Mandarin
Waiter/Waitress Others Gourmet Shanghai dialect/Mandarin
Jan. 3, 2017
Based on my experience, if someone switches from the ‘shanghai dialect’ to another Chinese dialect
‘somewhere china dialect’, the table above will still be correct.
Very interesting description of code-switching among native-speakers of Chinese.
Points Criteria Score
5 Originality 5
5 Relevance of Findings 5
5 Grammatical accuracy 3
5 Spelling and punctuation 3
Total Points 16 /20 → 4/ 5 points
Total Score: 6.85/10 Generally good, keep it up!
Activity 1
During the slave trade period, the Caribbean was an important distributing center (meaning?), which links West Africa and the American continent. Therefore, this area is also one of the world’s earliest immigrant regions (this statement is not right), which is suitable for a new language development. In order to prevent the possibility of slavery riots, slave traders deliberately put the black slaves with different languages in mixed ( improper word choice) confinements. Before being shipped to the Caribbean, many black people had have already learned the Pidgin English in the Slave Camp in West African prison or in the transatlantic human cargo ships, both from other slaves or slave traders. The Caribbean English originated from West African Pidgin English and Caribbean Creole English. Therefore, it has distinctive characteristics derived ? from African languages, Spanish and Portuguese.
Activity 1
Choice of Sample 0 / 7
Clarity of illustrations 4 /8
Grammatical Accuracy 3.5 /5
Spelling and Punctuation 4.5 /5
Total: 12/25 =» 1.2/2.5
Activity 2
Mom: Gayall, aiee can’ believe my eyes. What you doin’ wi goo’ fo’ notio’ son of a bitch?
Girl, I can’t believe my eyes. What are you doing with this good for nothing son of a bitch? ⦁ The missing ‘t’ for ‘can’t’;
⦁ ‘Are’ is missing for present progressive tenses.
Girl: Ma, we jus’ talkin’ Ma, we just talking
?
Mom: Talkin’? How much times aiee haf ta tell ya not supposed to talk to he? Talking? How much times do I have to tell you not supposed to talk to he? 1) ‘Much’ for ‘many’; 2) do; 3)
‘he’ to ‘him’.
Girl: Who ‘he’? Da boy ha’ name Who ‘he’? The boy has a name. 1) ‘Da’ used for ‘the’; 2) no article before noun; 3) The missing of auxiliary.
Mon: Aiee don’t want to know hees name. Aiee not his godmada. Jus’ move ‘n gwon home befo’ y’ get me vex.
I don’t want to know his name. I’m not his godmather Godmother. Just move and go on home before you get me vexed.
Girl: Well, aiee aren’ ready go home. Well, I’m not ready to go home, yet. 1) The missing ‘t’ for ‘aren’t’
Mom: Y’ wan’ me nack you ya dawn heah? Aiee said go home. 1) Phonology is different
You want me to knock you down here? I said go home.
Girl: Ev’rytin aiee do, y’ wan’ mash eet up. You jus’ wan’ contrOl maiee laif al dee taim, so? 1) ‘Dee’ for ‘the’
Jan. 30, 2017
Everything I do, you want to mash up. You just want to control my life all the time, so?
Mon: Ees aiee who dose wuk t’ main’ you. 1) Phonology is different.
It’s I who dose does the work to mind you.
Girl: Yeah, beca’ you stop me from school for stay home wid your pikinini. Nahw, aiee can’ read, aiee can’ write, aiee can’ gers a job no way. You wan’ to choose maiee friends fo’ me, aiee don’ tell y’ which maan to choose.
Yeah, because you stopped me from school to stay home with your piccaninnies. Now I can’t read, I can’t write, I can’t get a job no way. You want to choose my friends for me. I don’t tell you which man to choose. ⦁ The missing ‘t’ for ‘can’t’;
⦁ The missing ‘t’ for ‘don’t’. Other errors
Mom: Oh! So, you is wOman nahw? Oh! So, you is woman now? ⦁ The mixed usage of auxiliary between ‘is’ and ‘are’;
⦁ No article before noun.
Girl: Yes, I’s a wOman. You tun me Into a wOman by puttin’ me to do dee tings you suppose to do. ⦁ The mixed usage of auxiliary among ‘am’, ‘is’ and ‘are’;
⦁ ‘Dee’ for ‘the’.
Yes, I’s woman. You tun turn me into a woman by putting me to do the things you were supposed to do.
Mon: Ya ungrateful bitch! After all dee things aiee do to bring y’ up widout a faada, dis is dee tanks aiee get? You’ll regret this Dacia! You will meet it! ⦁ ‘Dee’ for ‘the’;
⦁ Phonology is different.
You ungrateful bitch! After all the things I do to bring you up without a father, this is the thanks I get? You’ll regret this Dacia! You will meet it!
Jan. 30, 2017
Relevance of Structural Illustrations 7 /8
Accuracy of Re-write 6 /7
Grammar 4 /5
Punctuation and Spelling 4 /5
Score : 21/25 =» 2.1/2.5
Jan. 30, 2017
Activity 3
The language in South Africa during apartheid is not only a communication tool but also a key to change one’s life. In another word, (badly put)=» it is the symbol of social class. Because English is the mother language of the ruling class, they are definitely more proficient in using it than other groups of people. For the black woman looking for a job, although she could speak and understand general English, she maybe has no chance to master it and familiar with the tiny
difference about pronunciation. Even she can get a chance to join the school to keep improving it, the English being taught there has a distinct class character: Do you mean the English the girl knows is only connected with the housework? all the knowledge of English is related to the
house works. You can image that even if she learns all the English knowledge very well, the best job for her is still to be a housemaid only. Why? Her English is very good, even better than her potential employer’s.
Activity 3
Relevance of Segment 7 /7
Sociolinguistic Appropriateness of Analysis 3 /8
Grammatical Accuracy 4 /5
Spelling and Punctuation 5 /5
Score: 19/25=» 1.9/2.5
Jan. 30, 2017
Activity 4
Give 3 sociolinguistic reasons why there is no English-based pidgin in East Africa. Answer:
⦁ English is not the mother tongue of East Africa; No, it isn’t.
⦁ Most countries in of East-African begin to learn English from formal settings;
⦁ British Standard English education is reinforced in the schools.
Briefly discuss the basis for stating that EaEng is different from WAEng. Answer:
Most West African countries are former colonies of England, and English has been being the official language there since the colonial period. Because of the trade business with West Country, Pidgin English was used from the slavery time. Currently, although English is still the official language in West African counties, Creole is widely used for communication. English is the only lingua franca for centuries among West Africa, and it has been affected also by France and Portugal Portuguese.
In East African countries, Swahili is served as the lingua franca for many years. English here is used as a supplementary language for high level speakers, such as scientists and lawyers layers, and the tool for contacting the outside worlds. The English speakers started to learn English from the Standard British English, however, has been influenced by Swahili or Bantu.
Name of Country： Kenya Advantages (English):
⦁ A good media for people to contact with outside world;
⦁ Encourage high-level exchanges with science, technology and international law or business.
Advantages (Swahili):
⦁ Best lingua franca within eastern counties for hundreds years;
⦁ Huge population speakers.
Validity of Arguments 8/10
Effectiveness of Illustrations 7 /10
Spelling and Punctuation 3 /5
Score : 18/25=» 1.8/2.5
Total Score : 7/10 Generally good! Keep it up!
ACTIVITY 1 – LINGUISTIC SYSTEMS OF CANADIAN ENGLISH
The most important aspects of the linguistic system I gained in knowledge of , are the phonetic
contrasts and the rhythm of the English language. Yet, it’s not an easy thing to master, these are essential parts for of a good comprehension of the different dialects spoken by different populations.
I learned that both, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the Trager-Smith System (TS) are still widely used by the linguists and students of phonetics. In fact, this is probably the most
important aspect while conversing with a born- native English speaker. Beyond knowledge of the
vocabulary, errors in sentence agreement =»phonetic contrast are a main part of a well-supported conversation.
For a native born-French speaker, it’s really important to make the difference between the two
not clear=» the various language rhythms ? rhythm languages while speaking, either in French or in
English. The main difference between both, is that French is a syllable-time language ( Words are
stressed in French but the stress isn’t so strongly emphasized as in English) , and English is stress-timed
syllable. That is what I need to assimilate, while speaking English.
Very interesting explanation, however, some references to one variety of Canadian English should have been mentioned.
Question 1
Accuracy of explanation of course content 3 /5
Grammatical Accuracy 3 /5
Spelling and punctuation 5 /5
Score : 20 /25 =» 2 / 2.5
ACTIVITY 2 – THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN CANADA
At first, when I started this course, I knew about some dialectal dialectical differences in
Canadian English, according to the place where you are, but I didn’t think there was a formal and an informal English in Canada.
A really important aspect that I learned, is the way in which it is spoken in terms of formality. For example, during a job interview, I should use a formal English. However, according to the context, there is the possibility of mixing both registers, formal and informal. This is the ideal mixture when the situation become more informal.
This aspect of the contemporary Canadian English is very important when engaging in a
conversation, or while writing a text, according to the context. I also learned that it’s very important when using formal English, to address superiors with their titles: Mr., Mrs., Miss. or Ms.
The insight that you describe in this short response clearly shows the interaction between language and social context. However, the term “register” should have been used in the example you have chosen. In fact, a language contains several registers ( formal, informal etc.).
Clarity and logic of explanations 9 /10
Accuracy of explanation of course content 3 /5
Grammatical Accuracy 4 /5
Spelling and punctuation 5 /5
Score : 21 /25 =» 2.1 / 2.5
ACTIVITY 3 – CULTURAL POINTS
Robert Lepage is probably the most influent Canadian theater director, or at least, one of the most famous. Before I saw some of these his many numerous artistic movies, I didn’t have a real
interest for theater. However, things have changed when I discovered his totally different way of doing
theater, closer to the cinema than the traditional theater. He’s probably one of the best Canadian ambassador around the world. His way of doing modern theater, has aroused the interest of new audiences created an interest for a new audience.
Robert Lepage probably inspired a new generation of Canadian movie directors. He created a precedent in a way of doing a universal cinema, without the complex of being Canadian.
Denis Villeneuve is probably one of those for whom, making cinema means doing a movie for a large audience public, while making a cinema of high quality. These two authors represents Not clear,
a new wage of Canadian creators? the new context of Canadians culture artisans. Two persons who
believes that Canada has its get his own way of doing things.
Clarity and logic of explanations 8 /10
Accuracy of explanation of course content 4/5
Grammatical Accuracy 3 /5
Spelling and punctuation 5 /5
Score : 20 /25 =» 2.0 / 2.5
ACTIVITY 4 – RATING SCALE
While analyzing both sections of the table, I’m really surprise to see that what I expected when I started this course is not what happened. I knew that it was a course about Canadian English culture, but honesty, I’m really surprise to see that, history and social context, are the main parts of this course.
However, I agree that learning a new language, means learning the culture of its people. It’s essential to learn about the differences between each the dialects spoken across Canada, the origins of
those dialects and the history of the first settlers who brought those languages. Why didn’t you include your responses in the chart?
Clarity and logic of explanations 7 /10
Accuracy of explanation of course content 4 /5
Grammatical Accuracy 4 /5
Spelling and punctuation 5 /5
Score : 20 /25 =» 2 / 2.5
Total Score : 8.1/10 Good work, keep it up!
PART ONE – ACTIVITY 1 – THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF CANADIAN ENGLISH
General Canadian English is unambiguously the most common spoken language among the Canadian middle-class people. Yet this is the most useful for Canadian English learners, there’s also a
non-standard Canadian English, used among one group of rich and powerful Anglophones, as much as, on the other end of the social scale.
However, the differences are not as marked as in other countries. The General Canadian English
spoken in Canada is surprisingly uniform, at the opposite of the contrary to Northern American English.
The main difference is probably that General Canadian shows more influence from British English dialects.
Obviously, the fact that settlers from England, Irish Ireland and Scotland, have immigrated to
Canada for centuries, gives to Canadian the opportunity of developing a dialect influenced by both, British and American culture. That influence is perceptible when conversing with a Canadian native speaker of English. Instead of using one or the other, a person will prefer the one in the middle. Here’s a good example from that Usual Canadian English; an American should say ‘’vacation’’, while a Canadian will choose between ‘’vacation’’ or ‘’holiday’’, according to the context.
Another fact that is going to influence the spoken language, is the social context. Usual General Canadian English in the Maritimes, has evolved in a different context than in the Central Plains and the West Coast. The economic context and the influence of the first settlers, played an important role in
the language development. For example, in Nova Scotia, as the settlers arrived at a different time from different geographical locations, the settlements were isolated from each other, so dialects were preserved.
Canadian Atlantic provinces, are a good example of the sociolinguistic impact on a society.
Here, Scottish, Irish, German and Acadian ancestry, built a unique culture and character for the people of the Maritimes. The presence of the land and the sea, helped to create some unique words or expressions: to gap (to cross by boat), sunkers (reefs and shoals), or ice-claws (an anchor to hold ship in ice). Those expressions are a good example of cultural and geographical isolation. Relatively isolated communities, tend to use some words, who which may be obsolete in some English speaking parts of
the world, but remain in mainstream commonly used in those secluded parts of Canada.
The current General Canadian English spoken from coast to coast, born from those early dialects, has evolved, and according to the geography, the time, or the social context, has developed into within different dimensions of dialects.
Part 1, Question 1
Structure of Essay 2 /2.5
Appropriateness of Content 2.5/2.5
Logic 2 /2.5
Spelling and Punctuation 1.5 /2.5
Score : 8 /10
PART TWO – ACTIVITY 1 – DIALECT AND POWER IN CANADIAN ENGLISH
What is your view on the promotion of one particular dialect through Canadian media?
I think that it’s a politically decision, however not particularly the best option, to promote only one particular dialect through Canadian medias. As CBC is the national radio, the radio broadcasting from coast to coast, tend to unify a nation, even if a main part of that population, is living in a secluded part of the country, where they get their own dialects.
Should other ‘’dialect’’ groups be given some share of broadcasting time, or represented in some way as part of the national linguistic pie?
As Canadian culture and geography is so diversified, it should be normal that the national media gives
more broadcasting time to different dialects, even those from little communities as far as some secluded parts of Newfoundland. It may be interesting to discover different dialects, spoken in their cultural and geographical context
What should be the result of such an effort? Be ready to explain why you believe such a move should be beneficial or detrimental to the status of Canadian English, within Canada, or in a global context.
In an effort to preserve and to make known such a national treasure, especially those from the Maritimes, and the indigenous communities from British Columbia, it becomes necessary to give these dialects more support from our medias. Even in a global context, a nation needs to preserve his its
culture, and dialects are as an essential part of that. This can become an important economic issue, in a
way of keeping alive those societies.
Activity 1
Clarity 2.5 /2.5
Concision 2.5 /2.5
Strength of supporting arguments 2.5 /2.5
Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation. 2 /2.5
Score : 9.5 /10=» 4.75 /5
PART TWO – ACTIVITY 2 – LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL MARGINALIZATION
At the opposite of the General Canadian English, there is the upper-class English, a marginal variety of English, very influenced by British English. However, it may sound really snobbish, while conversing with a Canadian-born speaker, to use that ‘’not very useful to learn’’ variety of English. This English variety, is spoken specifically by the upper-class Canadian families.
A typical upper-class family, living mainly in a suburb, close downtown, is generally, in the higher social classes at a high level in social classes. Evolving mainly in a circle of wealthy people, this
type of marginalized English, tend to be exclude from the middle-class English speakers.
Yet, some people tend to say that there is no different social classes in Canada, there is another who says that Upper-class English, should be taught as a second language at school. Obviously, it seems very unlikely that this variety of English become popular in a mainly middle-class society.
In this activity, you should have mentioned a specific variety of Canadian English such as Newfoundland English and shown how it has undergone a process of marginalization through the years.
Clarity 1.5 /2.5
Concision 2.5 /2.5
Accuracy of Information 1 /2.5
Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 1.5 /2.5
Score : 6.5 /10=» 3.75 /5
PART TWO – ACTIVITY 3 – VARIETIES DEBATE
It’s really interesting to hear such a kind of comment, said by the Colonel Vareleel, at this level of the course. Yet, it’s a simple reflection, there’s a kind of complexity in that commentary. It should be so easy if everyone could speak the same language, and even, the same variety of that language.
However, the simplicity of that question, brings us to a complex reflection. Language is a universal communication medium, but it has taken root in a totally different environment, according to the place where it evolved. A language is determined by a representation of a lot of factors, such as:
geographical, cultural and environmental factors, so thinking that it could be uniform, is utopian.
As a dialect is in a constant movement and evolution, the meaning of this sentence is not clear=»it seems to be impossible that it evolve equally, according to the context. When the first settlers moved from the north of Europe, to north east of America, they brought their own culture in a totally different context, so the language has evolved. A dialect may be in a constant migration, or at the opposite, contained in a remote village, where it will evolve with fewer less external influences.
Chinook, a dialect spoken by some of the native tribes of British Columbia in a trade context, is a good example. Chinook has probably never been exported from B-C,
In conclusion, we must considerate that a language is closely interrelated with the local culture, something in a constant evolution, a transmission of knowledges. If one of both disappear, the loss of the other is obvious.
This response should have been a dialog between two disagreeing aliens. Please, remember that there is specific punctuation in dialogs.
Originality 1 /2
Accuracy of Explanations 1.5 /3
Spelling and Grammar 2 /3
Score : 4.5 /8 =» 2.25 /4 Part 1 and 2, Total Score : 18,75/24
Part 3
Activity 1
The exercise was not fully understood. You had to compare the American and Canadian spellings of the same words.
Historical Reasons 0 /5
Socio-political Reasons 4 /5
Linguistic Reasons 1 /5
Score : 5 /15=» 1 /5
Activity 2
Transcription 1 3 /5
Transcription 2 3 /5
Transcription 3 4 /5
Score : 10 /15=» 3.4 /5
Total Score ( Parts 1, 2 and 3) : 18.75 + 4.4 = 23,15/34=» 20.42/30
Part 4
Part 4
Selected Item 1 Relevance : 0.5 /1
Accuracy of transcription and Analysis : 0/1
Selected Item 2 Relevance : 0.5 /1
Accuracy of transcription and Analysis : 0/1
Selected Item 3 Relevance : 0.5 /1
Accuracy of transcription and Analysis :
/1
Selected Item 4 Relevance : 1 /1
Accuracy of transcription and Analysis : 0.5/1
Selected Item 5 Relevance : 1 /1
Accuracy of transcription and Analysis : 0.5/1
Score : 4.5 /10
Good work! You’ve made it!
Heidi Johnson LIN 4003 FINAL EXAM
Part 1
Q1
English is today’s international lingua franca. It started in England and stems from many cultural origins. It has traveled far, to the four corners of the earth, and has spread its language the world over.
First, let me tell you about two important varieties of the English language in England. Both have been adopted abroad and, although part of the big English family, have developed and changed as a result of the influence of war, colonization and acculturation. Both are responsible of for (account for/ have evolved into…) many sub- varieties worldwide.
Scottish English (ScotEng) and Irish English (IrEng) ( you should have defined these idioms more precisely ( In Ireland, Gaelic was the official language before it was annexed by Britain) were therefore two of my the most influenceable affluent varieties. They have traveled overseas to North America and new varieties saw the light and still persist to this day. Traces of their language roots can be heard in Appalachia and Newfoundland for example. North American English, the “recalcitrant runaway sibling”
is a sub-variety and was formed by many Europeans from southwest England Yes, indeed and Ireland, who settled in the tiny coastal communities, transforming them into fishing processing stations. Folk etymology is reflected in Newfoundland’s vocabulary, idioms, references and pronunciation. “Shoal” for “Skull of fish” is but one example of an otherwise colourful mixture of British and Irish dialects (Gaelic). Newfoundland: “Far as ever a puffin flew” is very much part of the big English family while being quite original with respect to the local colour of its land and culture.
5 Examples 2.5
5 Relevance of Analysis 4
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 4
Score : 10.5 /15=» 2.1 /3
Q2
It is commonly perceived as trendy to speak more than one language. English, being the lingua franca, tends to be the most important 2nd language spoken worldwide. In many Asian countries or for British Asians (70 million Indians live in England today), one can say that it is fashionable to speak ‘good’ English, preferably with a Yorkshire accent (really? I’d rather say a Cambridge accent). For the upper caste Punjabi students, who we heard in Segment 4 of the DVD for this course, most do not even understand English that is spoken in other parts of England. The elite of any given society, whether it be
from India, Pakistan, Singapore or Cameroun, is the group of people that tend to use the purer, imperial form of English, which definitely runs across class lines. English, the second language par excellence, therefore comes with an attitude formed by a higher class of society. I like to think of any second language as being a diversification of the imperial language whether it is French or English. However one must take into account that the purity of the language is inevitably influenced by local languages and cultures and should not in any way be perceived as a lesser-quality English. Moreover, historical trends account for the numerous varieties of any imperial language that have been adopted worldwide. It is no wonder one can associate learning a language to being fashionably and culturally inclined.
You should have discussed the examples shown in the video and provided an analysis not on the quality of a new variety of English but on the durability of linguistic trends.
Q2
5 Comments 2.5
5 Sociolinguistic Analysis 2.5
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 4.5
Score : 9.5 /15 =» 3.2 /3
Q3
WW2 was the event that marked the end of the British Empire. Its heure de gloire came to an end as the voice of Britain resonated with authority and defiance for centuries.
From the 2nd World War on, American English became more powerful, the sheer
numbers tell of a nation that has out-won British English five times over.
A new political system, an innovative economy and a self-confident New World attitude encouraged the spread of English in America. This new power gave the language a new life far from the historical reputation set by the British Conquest. This
2
offspring language had outgrown the mother language and new varieties of English have also emerged as a result of its popularity.
Interestingly, we seem to be moving toward a new trend, which is International English. This phenomenon is explained by the expansion of the language worldwide through business, technology and literature to enhance with the development of global relations and cultural awareness.
Question 3
5 Historic Content 5
5 Illustrations 2
5 Relevance of Analysis 5
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 4.5
Score : 16.5 /20 =» 3.3 /4
Part 2
Q1
Creole English, in relation to economic power, is a variety that has, over time, striven to hold a place of distinction in some African countries and the Caribbean. As our collective consciousness comes to grips with the historical racial atrocities of the slave trade, the black communities of African descent are demanding that Creole be accepted as the standard form of English within their communities. Obviously there is not much financial power involved in such a request since International English is more viable and spoken by more people of power in the world, notably Asia. Today IntEng is today taking precedent over Standard English because of the role it plays in international relations in the fields of business, technology, foreign affairs, environment and communications.
However, it is important to note that the spread of Creole English has given people a sense of empowerment in the world nations that strive to embrace black culture. As for Standard English, one could compare it to ‘blue blood’; its standards are instilled so deeply by the spread of a once very powerful British Empire that no matter how societies evolve and change, the language heritage remains mainstream for powerful governments of the Western World as a language synonymous to quality true to its imperialistic heritage of wealth and power. You have analysed the historic aspect of the question in depth. However, the conventional dimension of a language should not be overseen.
3
Q1
4 Concepts 4
4 Relevance of Analysis 3.5
4 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 4
Score : 11.5 /12 =» 3.85 /4
Q2
In Singapore, English is used mostly as a vernacular language. The term vernacular means that the cultural, geographical and linguistic provenance of different speakers of English living in the same country has shaped the variety spoken there.
As we know, there are different sub varieties within one variety of English. Each of the varieties differs according to the speaker’s social class and cultural background. It used to be a lot easier to tell the speaker’s social background when barriers were less fluid and people tended not to move into other social levels quite as easily as today.
In Singapore, it is still possible to distinguish these varieties in speech, referred to as sociolects (socio dialects). Strongly linked so educational backgrounds, individuals’ educational achievements are closely linked to how successful one is both socially and economically. Also, two Singaporeans may have the same number of years of schooling yet one may be from a low status background of English-based-medium whereby the other is issued from a Chinese or Indian dialect with a higher status. Interestingly it is more common for a speaker of a more established variety of English to adjust speech patterns from a more colloquial style to a more formal one. However, most speakers do not have the ability within their sociolectal range to meet the requirements of what has been established as Standard English and therefore local idioms are preserved within all groups of speakers no matter their backgrounds in order to communicate amongst themselves. What about Singlish? Who speaks English in Singapore? What variety of English?
Q2
4 Definition of Speech Community 3.5
4 Analysis of Singaporean Context 2
4 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 4
4
Score : 9.5 /12 =» 3.2 /4
Q3
There are as many reasons for learning English as there are people learning it. My personal reasons are for one, to honour my ancestors who came from Ireland and Scotland and secondly, to improve my knowledge of the language to be able to offer an excellent service to my second language English students.
As I have already mentioned in another essay, my father was very adamant about preserving and promoting English at home in a time when Quebec was very politically inclined to separatism and French language imposition. Although my parents agreed to send me to a French school, they still felt very strongly about their heritage and refused to allow French as the dominant language in our home environment. At a time when many of their friends were leaving Quebec to migrate out East, Ontario or out West, my parents were willing to integrate into the French mindset but refused assimilation. This era marked me and helped me position myself as well. Educated in the French system, I chose Translation as an undergraduate degree and later turned to TESL, in which I am currently doing a Master’s degree. I basically taught myself how to read and write English, my parents having always spoken to us in English.
Excellency is hard to achieve in my case. I am very good in both languages but do make mistakes particularly Gallicisms and Anglicism. Therefore, I strive to achieve a higher level of written and spoken English everyday simply because I want to achieve a high level of proficiency in English.
Q3
5 Quality of Argumentation 5
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 5
Score : 10 /10=» 2 /2
Part 1 Total Score : 17.7 /20
Part 3
Q1
5
No I don’t think English has been imposed in East Africa and India. A language is imposed as soon as it has been adopted by the government as an official language. It then is protected by bills, like Bill 101 in Quebec for example. In the case of East Africa, there are literally thousands of dialects and, while most can still be heard, there are several important ones like Swahili for example. While the slave trade clearly robbed individuals, families, villages, nations, countries of their local identities, English is still used as an intra-cultural language and remains one that is spoken continentally and internationally for business, trade and communications. Imperialism and power go hand and hand so English has overruled all other local languages in East Africa. The workers had to abide to the British structures including language issues, from which derived quite a few sub-varieties. All were used to exploit the African people notably natural and commercial resources that their countries thrived on. English therefore has remained the choice medium but has not become an official language, a nativized one or acquired native speakers. According to what you say in this paragraph, English was imposed in the first stages of colonization. Would people speak English in India if it had not been colonized?
India also went through a form of assimilation imposed by the British since it was one of their biggest colonies. However, English is categorized as a Second Language in India and most nearly everybody speaks it. Many have received an education in English as well. English is spoken fluently today and InEng is one of the most important English varieties. Many Indians have been educated in English Universities but all speak one of the three most important Indian vernaculars. The spread of English has played an important role in how Indians see themselves and view their position within the global community. It has become very fashionable to speak English but not to the point of being detrimental to the preservation of their cultural heritage. Sharp defined the Indian phenomenon as “A class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, n morals and in intellect”. 1 (Overview of English Language Varieties and Cultures, p.132) The English-speaking world communities are viewed as being rich and powerful. Many countries from the Eastern Hemisphere, who have been colonized by the British, have become more westernized over time and, not only has the English language dominated as a strong second language, but over time, has transformed Indian culture and lifestyle.
5 Quality of Analysis 4.5
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 5
Score : 9.5 /10 =» 1.9 /2
6
Q2
The first linguistic community that comes to mind that strives to maintain its identity today is Celtic English you mean Gaelic ( Please, note that there are 2 varieties of Gaelic in the United Kingdom). Previously a dominant culture in the UK, Celtic English has been striving to survive the wave of spread across Britain since the 7th century. For them, to preserve their language is a way of protecting their heritage. There are different branches of Celtic languages i.e., Highland Scottish, Irish and Manx and then Welsh, Cornish and Breton. At the moment, Welsh seems to survive most strongly, the people feeling very strongly about their culture and identity.
One can feel this influence on the English language through place names that have survived including the Thames River, the Yare and significant Roman towns such as London and York for example. Several names are a mixture of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon words such as Breedon on the Hill is a combination of bree and pen for ‘hill’ and so on. The word ‘tor’ is mainly used in the south-west of Britain and is a relic of the Welsh word ‘rock’ which Hay Tor and Hound Tor symbolise to depict granite peaks in the moors. 2 (The Influence of Celtic on English,
While groups of people continue to relish in Celtic culture within today’s British society, one can only admire Not clear, sloppy syntax =»the interest demonstrated to remind people and future generations to come of past societies. The UK has successfully created a Standard British English but lest we forget that many cultures and languages have also been absorbed into the Anglo culture.
Q2
5 Relevance of example 4
5 Quality of Analysis 4
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 4
Score : 12 /15 =» 4 /5
Q3.
Chart explaining how English is perceived in other parts of the world.
Countries Accept Ignore Revile
7
India √
Japan √
Bengal? Difficult to delineate. √
France √
Q3
5 Accepting 3
5 Ignoring 3
5 Reviling 3
Insert the names of 4 countries or nationalities under each heading.
Score : 9 /15 =» 1.8 /3
Part 4
Diverging Attitudes
This chart demonstrates what determines willingness, obstacles and problems of the spread of English worldwide.
Excuse (in favour of) Other Values (against) Problems (what will happen?)
Communication
Broader Cultural awareness Assimilation
Lesser quality of language loss of local languages or dialects
Isolation
4 Other Values 2
4 Potential Problems 2
b) International English Chart
Score: 4/8
8
The future of the English language is promising. We now refer to the International English variety as being highly valued. People all over the world are using English as a common language to communicate among themselves, with neighbouring countries as well as internationally. As we evolve in an era of technology, where information is so easily gathered, English is the common thread that allows people to learn about other countries, values, politics and cultures. English is the international language used to share, learn and evolve as a world community. No references to the video content.
Q2
2 Choice of Comments 0
2 Quality of Analysis 2
2 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 2
Score : 4 /6
Part 2 Total Score : 15.7 /20
Total Score : 17.7+ 15.7 = 33,4 /40 Very good work!
Works Cited
Overview of English Language and Culture, LIN 4003, Otto Ikomé, Télé-Université, Canada, 2007.
http://homes.chass.utoronto/cpercy/courses/636.Lovis.htm The Influence of Celtic on English.
9
CANADIAN IDENTITY ACCORDING TO LEONARD COHEN
When the internationally famous poet and writer Leonard Cohen, who wrote principally all his songs and poems in English, said ( syntax must be revised)about speaking French while living in Quebec: let us speak French, not only in Quebec, but everywhere, it may sound contradictory to his work. However, for many French speaking Quebecers, this statement makes sense. Being a French born speaker in a mostly English speaking country, do not necessarily means being secluded from the rest of Canada. At the opposite, it probably means, living together, sharing our culture, in a bilingual country, without official language.
Cohen, who was raised in Montreal, a mostly French- speaking city, in an English- speaking environment, knows very well this reality of living with the possibilities of speaking both, French and English. His many references to the possibilities of being recognized, whether in the U.S., or even around the world, when coming from a cold northern French speaking Canadian province, weren’t an utopia. He always knew that, possibilities
of an international career were unlimited, even for someone coming from Montreal.
In his early years, while reciting a poem in front of students, Cohen spoke about the strength of the American ‘’melting pot’’, and the weakness of the Canadian ‘’mosaic’’. At this that time, things were not
different. The concept of ‘’national identity’’ wasn’t well spread across the Canadian nation. It’s probably still difficult for a fisherman from Newfoundland or a farmer from the Central Plains grassland, to imagine the
cultural and economic diversity of his own country. (This sentence should be rephrased)=»However, could we say that the American identity succeeded where the Canadian Failed?
Structure of Essay 4 /5
Clarity of Arguments 4 /5
Spelling grammar and punctuation 4 /5
Score : 12 /15=» 4 /5
Total Score : 7 /10% Good work! Keep it up!
CANADIAN IDENTITY
According to Professor Ikome, we could say that Canada is a place that benefits from of his
diversity. A place where people from different origins; who came from different corners of the world; can make others aware of different cultures ?benefit others from various cultural diversity. A country
where people with individual differences, can improve thanks to are benefiting of that cultural mosaic.
(Repetition)
As a northern country, sharing his its border with his neighbour the U.S., it’s not difficult to
understand why does Canada is so attractive for foreigners from every parts of the world.
According to the author Robinson Davis, the main reason could be that Canada is more civilized than his neighbour, therefore, an attractive place where it’s possible to put in highlight his one’s own
individuality, in a relative safety. Always according to Davis, Canada would be a country with strong
feelings. At the opposite of the U.S. where the culture and the climate may be really different from one state to another state, there’s not a huge diversity, or differences, between each provinces. We would
rather get many similitaries with the Scandinavian countries; cold empty spaces, yet full of warm people.
When the Canadian writer and poet Margaret Atwood, who wrote the book of success ‘’Survival’’, says : for any Canadian, everywhere you are, there’s always the North at the back of your mind, she probably refers to the perception of a foreigner toward Canadian identity. Indeed, Canada is still associated with indigenous peoples from the northern icefields, while hunting seals in an immaculate white snow.
Always Still according to Atwood, the main difference between an American and a Canadian, while thinking
about the natural resources, is the following: This passage requires an explanation=»for an American, there will always be trees and nature. In a totally different perspective, a Canadian will say, consciously or unconsciously: it hasn’t disappeared yet.
This sentence is all the more meaningful when can take all his sense while referring about to the French
speakers from the province of Quebec. Although they are still in the majority, they are conscious of about the
danger to lost of losing their own culture, being surrounded by English speaking neighbors. For a French
speaking Quebecer, the fight to keep alive it’s their culture alive, influenced mostly from by Europe, will always
be a fight against one of the most influential and talked language in the world.
Interesting essay in which you have described the difficult problematic of Canadian identity with great accuracy. However, some passages lack clarity and definitely require revision.
Structure of Essay 3 /5
Clarity of Arguments 3 /5
Spelling grammar and punctuation 3 /5
Score : 9 /15=» 3 /5
Dr. Nadine Jammet
Feedback on Lin 4002 Assignment 1
Question 2
Words General Canadian French Canadian Difference From General Canadian English Non- standard Variety Difference from General Canadian English
/ˈæk.ʃən/ aksjɔ̃ 0 1 0
/ˈdek.eɪd/ dəkad 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
Score : 8 /15 =» 2.7 / 5%
Question 1
Question 1
Accuracy of Text 4 /5
Naturalness/Pronunciation 4 /5
Accuracy of Stress and Intonation Patterns 4 /5
Score : 12 /15 =» 4 /5%
Errors in transcription : Concluded, hopelessly, vowels. Errors in Pronunciation :
Thirty /ˈθɝː.t̬ i/ Impossible /ɪmˈpɑː.sə.bəl/ Able /ˈeɪ.bəl/
Series /ˈsɪr.iːz/
Individual /ˌɪn.dəˈvɪdʒ.u.əl/
Secret /ˈsiː.krət/
Intonation: Monotonous. Remember in a statement: High pitch
Rhythm: Correct.
Total Score: 6.7/10 Generally good, keep it up!
Assignment 3
Question 1
Standard English and Gender
Quality of English : errors do not impede meaning significantly.
Clarity of Argumentation 2 / 2.5
Knowledge of Course Content 2 / 2.5
Question 2
The Land
Clarity of Argumentation 2 /2.5
Knowledge of Course Content 2 /2.5
You expressed some very interesting ideas and made relevant references to the content. A few errors in pronunciation, vocabulary and sentence pattern.
Final Score : 8/10
Feb. 20, 2017
Activity 1
Politician: Only by participating in international cooperation Not clear=» syntax =»can be a country security and achieves its own development. It is very important to communicate with the outside world with a lingua-franca, the English. Hence, our government will enhance impose English our English education in primary and secondary schools.
Linguist: I totally agree with you. However, we don’t have enough English teachers in our education system.
Politician: No, more than 50% population in our country can speak fluent Creole, we will recruit more qualified teachers from among them.
Linguist: Dear officer, I am afraid we cannot improve our next generation’s English level by teaching them Creole instead of teaching them standard English.
Politician: Dear professor, I know that Creole is not a Standard English, but it at least belongs to (you mean : is derived from…) the English language, somehow, a kind of non-Standard English. Do you agree with me?
Linguist：No. I am afraid not. Not clear=» must be rephrased =»Every system with below four features we should call it an independent language, they are: a sound feather (a phonology feature), a grammar system (a grammar feature), a lexicon (a vocabulary feature) and a semantics (a meaning feature). The Creole we are using now has all these four features, and it belongs to an independent language, just like any other language, like France French and Portuguese.
Politician: how about our dialect, is it an independent language too?
Linguist：No. A dialect is not a language. We don’t need to codify, spell, standardize and teach, like we are doing in Creole.
Politician: I see. What will happen if we teach Creole, but not standard English in schools, to our students.
Linguist： if we teach are teaching Creole in our school, things will go badly to another opposite direction. It will be a hindrance for us to improve our English level. Actually, it will downgrade our total English level.
Politician: OK. I think I understand what you are saying. Could you give me some suggestions on how to improve our country’s English level?
Linguist: Of cause. We should teach only Standard English in school if we want to enhance our next generation’s English level. However, we should also keep promoting Creole to be a common language in our country. After all, we do need a common language in our current situation, and we have more than 50% people can speak Creole and only 5% population could speak standard English.
Politician: Thanks you for your suggestions. Linguist： My pleasure.
Activity 1 Dialog
Please, remember that in a dialog « quotes » must be used. Some interesting ideas.
Design Format 8 /15
Balance and articulation of viewpoints 30 /35
Vocabulary and diction (for Creole speaker) 16 /25
Score : 54 /75 /10= 5.4/ 7.5
Activity 2
In some counties, the speakers of some second language have formed a community to constitute the variety, and have developed some new norms or rules by themselves from external incomplete sentence. During At the same time, there are still a number of new learners who are learning this second language, and they must follow the new norms or rules generated by the above community. In this circumstance, a second language will become a native language.
In some counties, the using of a second language has been restricted in some specific area, such as the scientific-technology area, or for some specific purposes, such as communication or business. Sentence pattern must be revised=»There are no new norms has been developed. Even there are plenty number of speakers, Not clear=»all the norms are from internal instead of external. In this circumstance, this second language will be maintained as a functional tool.
Activity 2
Appropriateness of Examples 5 /20
Sociolinguistic Acuracy of Analysis 12 /20
Spelling and Punctuation 10 /10
Score : 27 /50/=» 2.7/5
Feb. 20, 2017
Activity 3
Question 1
Yes. According to the statistics in Jeil Dillard’s book, approximately 80% of the black populations are speaking a special variety of English at home. According to Dr. Arthur Spears estimates, the proportion of (missing words here) speaking Black English vernacular is about 60-70%. The kids who are speaking this English variety will belong to Mrs Constance clayton’s quote group. The way they speak will affect the life they will have. If someone wants to integrate edge into the mainstream society, he they must take a special course to polish his accent and expression, just like the black mayor of Philadelphia and Martin Luther King did.
Question 2
In Quebec, there are actually two different varieties of English existing. One group is the English speaking spoken by Anglophone, which has mixed with a lot French words and expressions. Another group is the English speaking by Francophone, which has a lot of French structures, grammars and words. People can recognize separate them by listening to their English. Therefore, when you plan to educate the new speakers of English from either of the above groups, they probably will be alienated by another group.
Question 3
Yes. There is indeed such a community a community existed, and it will exclude the people who are using a different variety of English. At the end of an interview, most black young candidates will always be asked a simple question: what are you going to do next? If the answer is “I be’s ready to go” or “I be’s going home”, he probably will lose this job opportunity for his speaking of a Black English vernacular.
Question 4
Yes. Adopting someone else’s variety of English means accepting their cultural preferences as well. We can find this clue from the expressions on the young Scotch soldier’s faces. When he mentioned that he was going to change his old Highlander accent to be assimilated, we can clearly see the expressions of disappointed and disgruntled look on his face, which means that he has to adopt another cultural values preference related to that English variety.
A few passages are difficult to understand.
Strength of Argument 30 /40
Interpretative Skills 25 /35
Score : 55 /75/10= 5.5 7.5
Feb. 20, 2017
Total Score: 13.6/20 Generally good! Keep up the good work!
Feb.23, 2017
Activity 1
Regional Variations in Canadian English
Newfoundland
Central Provinces (Ontario and Quebec)
Origins By the 16th century, with the Basques permanently settling in Newfoundland, the British and French came soon after seeking golden and a route to China. They succeeded in establishing a major fishing industry, which grew to the largest overseas enterprise of Britain, and establishing St. John’s, the oldest of the British and French cities in the New World.
The existence of a Newfoundland language was noted that Sir Humphrey Gilbert arrived in 1583 to claim Newfoundland and begin the British Empire. Before the Revolutionary War, almost no English-speaking settlers in this area.
After the American Revolution in 1783, its refugees, the United Empire Loyalists, who were mostly soldiers and farmers, crossed the Appalachian Mountains and settled in the Eastern Townships of Quebec or along the Front(the north shore of Lake Ontario, and later, Lake Erie). These English- speaking first settlers were around five or six thousand.
Spread The progress of settlement of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador was slow, beginning in small numbers in the early 17th century before peaking in the early 19th century.
Most of the population remained rather isolated on the island, allowing the dialects time to develop independently of those on the North American continent.
By the 19th century, when many Irish poured into Newfoundland, as well as settlers from the English southern countries, the Channel Island, and France, the differences among the local dialects and customs were quite marked.
The dialects that compose Newfoundland English obviously influenced by Irish.
Newfoundland was a British colony until 1907 when it became an independent Dominion within the British Empire. It became a part of Canada in 1949.
Today, some words from Newfoundland English have been adopted through popular culture in other places in Canada (especially Ontario and eastward). By 1812, the population of this central region was about 50,000 to 80,000 with a large number of Americans continuing to come to this area.
To counteract this preponderance of Americans, the British government encouraged British immigration, and between 1820 and 1850 about 300,000 persons came to Upper Canada. These newcomers were: English, Lowland Scots, Gaelic-speaking Highlands, and southern Irish.
Among these immigrants, the language of the towns and cities basically remained the characters of North dialect of American English.
Feb.23, 2017
Regional Variations in Canadian English
Newfoundland
Central Provinces (Ontario and Quebec)
Functions Newfoundland was one of the first areas settled by English speakers in North America.
Because Newfoundland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean and was not one part of Canada until 1949, the people of Newfoundland developed their own linguistic habits without much influence from the mainland.
Many Newfoundland dialects are similar to the West Country dialects of the West Country in England, while others resemble dialects of Ireland’s southeast. And Scottish had a large influence on Newfoundland society. This early history of English speech has influenced the speech patterns of General Canada English: a North American base, well established, with overlays of British and British dialects, especially Scottish and Irish, and many fluctuations in usage because of the continued influence of the two major dialects, and sometimes because of an innovation within Canada itself.
English in the central provinces is an important part of General Canadian English. It is different from its parent, the Northern dialect of American English.
Marked linguistic features ⦁ Newfoundland English is
a rhotic accent like most of North America.
⦁ Newfoundland English often follows⦁ ⦁ the ⦁ Northe⦁ rn⦁ ⦁ subject⦁ ⦁ rule.
⦁ The merger of diphthongs [aɪ] and [ɔɪ] to [ɑɪ].
Archaic ⦁ adverbial-intensifiers are preserved in Newfoundland.
⦁ The use of “to” to denote location is common in Newfoundland English. E.g.: Where’s that to? (“Where’s that?”).
⦁ The use of ownership in Newfoundland English is characterized by replacing words like “My” or “Mine” with “Me”, an older form common
in Irish, Scottish, Northern English, and Western English dialects.
⦁ Newfoundland dialect can vary markedly from community to community as well as from region to region. ⦁ Has kept some British English usages and spellings;
⦁ Ontario English has some localism and a large vocabulary about the trade of the Great Lakes and lumber. Such as: firereels, dew worm, pool train, lakehead, laker, bulker, keep-over, etc.;
⦁ Quebec has many words borrowed from French. Such as: whiskey blanc, voter ‘, etc.;
⦁ The low vowel [ᴂ] before [r].
Feb.23, 2017
Activity 2
TIME-LINE OF VARIETY × Newfoundland English
Example of comments 1500 1583 1800 1907 1949
Early in the 16th century, English, France, Basque language and Portuguese existed at the same time. Sir Humphrey Gilbert arrived in Newfoundland in 1583 and began the British Empire.
By 1600,
English and France were the chief rivals for Newfoundland. Many Irish poured into Newfoundland, as well as settlers from the English southern countries, the Channel Island, and France, the differences among the local dialects and customs were quite marked.
The dialects of Newfoundland English obviously influenced by Irish. Newfoundland was a British colony until 1907 when it became an independent Dominion within the British Empire. Newfoundland has been joined the confederation only in 1949 and becomes the 10th province of Canada.
TIME-LINE OF VARIETY × Central Provinces English
Example of comments 1783 1812 1850
Before the Revolutionary War, almost no English- speaking settlers in this area. After the American Revolution in 1783, around five or six thousand of the United Empire Loyalists crossed the Appalachian Mountains and settled in the Eastern Townships of Quebec or along the Front. They were the first settlers who can speak English.
By 1812, the population of this central region was about 50,000 to 80,000 with a large number of Americans continuing to come in. To counteract this preponderance of Americans, the British government encouraged British immigration, and between 1820 and 1850 about 300,000 persons came to Upper Canada. These newcomers were: English, Lowland Scots, Gaelic-speaking Highlands, and southern Irish.
2017
Activity 1
I believe that all Immigrant countries’ governments in the world want to use assimilation to integrate their countries, Canada is not an exception. However, compared to the other countries,
the following facts cannot be neglected:
Firstly, Canada is the second largest country in the world with only 35 Million populations, equal to 3.92 people in every square kilometer. The population density is extremely low. Before the 20th century, the residence dispersal of the population led leads to different modes of production
and ways of life? the difference pattern of production and life. Just because Canada has a broad
place to accept new immigrants, they always have choices to select a place which is more similar to their hometown or have more compatriots, which mean the formation of the concentrated area of ethics. For instance, most Anglo-Saxons live in the East; Quebec is an area mostly inhabited living by mostly francophone. The people from Germany and Ukraine like to live in Manitoba,
where they can farm and hunt. The Ontario is the favorite of American. The 2011 NHS data showed there were 7,217,300 people in the first generation in 2011 or 22.0% of the total population, and about 6.8M people speak neither English nor French at home. Concentrated ethnic living and language variety make assimilation difficult to achieve. With the adoption of the Charter of the French Language (also known as “Bill 101”) by Quebec’s National Assembly in August 1977, French became Quebec’s sole official language. This is a symbol of the failure of assimilation, and the success of the Mosaic. In this sense, it is hard to say there is a universal Canadian soul or values.
Secondly, Canada has a harsh environment after all, such as extremely cold and long winter, violent wild animal, and giant depopulated zone. This will lead to a common value or spirit
inside Canadians, according to Margaret Atwood [1], “in undoubtedly “Survival, La Survivance”. For the early explorers, survival means bare survival in the face of hostile elements and/or natives. For Quebecois, survival means to keep their cultural and language from English Canada, while the latter is adamant on resisting busy to survival from the influence of the United States.
For the new immigrants, survival means to emerge into a totally new society.
In general, people maybe think there is are no differences in between Canadians and Americans
in general. However, there are many differences between them if you dig deeper.
Reference:
[1] Atwood, Margaret. Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: hourse of Anansi Press, 1972: 11-212.
Very interesting essay. You have taken into account the historical, political and social aspects of Canadian identity.
Structure of Essay 5 /5
Clarity of Arguments 4 /5
Spelling grammar and punctuation 3 /5
Score : 12 /15=» 4 /5
Activity 2
According to Oxford dictionary, national identity is “the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language”. In Canada, the multiculturalism is
(part of) regarded as the national identity.
The irony is this: the national identity is usually a simple and unique symbol in others countries
exclude but not in Canada, such as Queen to Great British, and Great wall to China. The choose
choice of multiculturalism ( this part of the sentence must be rephrased)=»to be the national
identity is to say, there is not may be a consequence of a weak Canadian identity ?a national
identity at all in Canada.
There are three main reasons preventing consensus within the Canadians. Firstly, the attempting
to assimilate of assimilating French-speaking Canadians, and the pattern of this clause must be
revised=» the even stronger rebound from Quebecois, generated continually conflicts and finally announced the failure of assimilation by the “Bill 101”. Secondly, the close ties between English Canadians and the British Empire make it is very difficult to form an independent national identity. Thirdly, unusually strong ties between English Canadians and the United States, especially within the young generations, also create blocks in an independent national identity formation.
In young Leonard Cohen’s poem, he mentioned above by “let us make the French talk English”,
“let us torture the Senate individually” and “let us dump asbestos on the White House” and so on.
Nowadays, fewer and fewer immigrants come from Britain or France British or French. They are
from the United States, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, which makes
the “melting pot” policy impossible. The Canadian “mosaic” or multicultural national identity, is a forced choice.
Reference:
The only tourist in Havana turns his thoughts homeward
Come, my brothers, Let us govern Canada,
Let us find our serious heads,
Let us dump asbestos on the White House, Let us make the French talk English,
Not only here but everywhere,
Let us torture the Senate individually Until they confess,
Let us purge the New Party, Let us encourage the dark races So they’ll be lenient
When they take over,
Let us make the CBC talk English, Let us all lean in one direction And float down
To the coast of Florida, Let us have tourism,
Let us flirt with the enemy,
Let us smelt pig-iron in our back yards, Let us sell snow
To under-developed nations,
(It is true one of our national leaders Was a Roman Catholic?)
Let us terrorize Alaska, Let us unite
Church and State,
Let us not take it lying down,
Let us have two Governor Generals At the same time,
Let us have another official language, Let us determine what it will be,
Let us give a Canada Council Fellowship To the most original suggestion,
Let us teach sex in the home To parents,
Let us threaten to join the U.S.A. And pull out at the last moment, My brothers, come,
Our serious heads are waiting for us somewhere Like Gladstone bags abandoned
After a coup d’état,
Let us put them on very quickly, Let us maintain a stony silence On the St. Lawrence Seaway.
Question 2
Structure of Essay 4 /5
Clarity of Arguments 4 /5
Spelling grammar and punctuation 3 /5
Score : 11 /15=» 3.7 /5
Total Score : 7.7/10 Good work, keep it up!
Mar. 11, 2017
Mar. 11, 2017
FINAL EXAM PART ONE
LANGUAGE VARIATION
Question 1:
Standard English or the Queen’s English or Oxford English or Public School English or BBC English has had a significant influence on varieties elsewhere in the world.
Example one: Australian English is one the major variety of English language.
The less geographical variation in Australian English phonetic is closely related to Australia’s social and historical environment and immigration status. The early Australian immigrants were prisoners, laborers, soldiers and officers who had planned and controlled access to Australia by as required by the British government. Most of them are from London and other industrialized cities, where the language used is a common dialect. Except the British government, the media also plays an important role in the process of Australian language variation. The Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) was founded in 1932 and has been always based on the voice of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as its Standard English. Until 1981, ABC began to employ the Australian variety of English using cultivated Australian English for its announcer. The above practice, eventually formed the own language features of the Australian English today.
Indian English is another major variety of the English language.
The large-scale development of Indian English began in the 18th century, and the British colonial government( comprehensible but must be rephrased)=»led India to systematically inherited from British English. The Indian nation has Not clear, error in word choice=»a high degree of identity for English, even if it has not been their mother tongue. Because English represents a status of higher social class, and it is also extremely useful, the Indian English spread very quickly in India.
However, English is not their native language, the speakers cannot help to bring their own native language features, such as Hindi, Tamil and other brands into the English they are speaking, which resulting in the formation of Indian English phonetic variants.
Q1
Mar. 11, 2017
5 Examples 4
5 Relevance of Analysis 3.5
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 3
Score : 10.5 /15=» 2.1 /3
Question 2:
In the Australian’s example, the language will vary over time. There are three types of accents, the broad, general and cultivated, existing in Australian English. The people belong to different social classes will speak one of these accents.
However, may be because of the effluence of radio and television in 20 centuries, these three accents emerged into the general Australian accents in recent generations.
In Californian valley girl’s example, we can find the language will also vary because of fashion trends, such as the slang usied by the younger generation. These girls in the shopping mall belong to the middle class. Their fashion, including the slang they are using, are more easily to be accepted by the public and will become to a new language variety.
Q2
5 Comments 4
5 Sociolinguistic Analysis 3
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 3
10/15=» 2/3
Question 3:
VOA (Voice of America) is one of the most important language promotion media in the United States. VOA is broadcasting its programs basing on American English, and it is promoting its policy, lifestyle and language culture by using its
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huge radio network in the world. In 1994, VOA became the world’s first international radio station to use the Internet to offer services such as books, newspapers, English teaching, music and online news. Since the early 1960s, the total number of weekly broadcast hours has been extended from 1,492 hours to 2,400 hours, which is an increase of more than 60%. The above measures have positively influenced people’s language attitude towards American English and expanded their demand for it.
The US film industry is also another important language promotion media. From the date of film invitation to today, the Top 50 highest box office in the world are all produced by the American film companies in which the American English is spoken are speaking. As a cultural carrier, films are not only creating huge economic benefits, but also showing the American way of life to the rest of the world. The favorite of popularity of American films will lead to a positive attitude towards American English. Diversified film products can attract the audiences with different age groups, hobbies, and values. It tense? built a strong foundation for the dissemination of American English.
You should have described the changes occurring in world politics after WWII.
Question 3
5 Historic Content 1
5 Illustrations 3
5 Relevance of Analysis 2
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 3
Score : 9 /20 =» 1.8 /4
THE POWER OF LANGUAGE
Question 1:
Standard English is any form of the English language that is accepted as a national norm in a particular English-speaking country. The Syntax=» countries where speaking standard English is spoken are including Britain, the United States,
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Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. In South Africa, Standard English is also used by minority speakers.
International English is a lingua franca used in by people from difference ethnic groups or language groups. It can also be referred to as Common English or General English, and it is very widely used in international business, organization and high-tech research institute.
Good English is the English speaking grammatically correct English and it can be universally understood. The opposite of Good English is the English used using by local speakers, in which local expressions are mixed with into Standard English.
For the non-indigenes English speakers, it is non-comprehensible, such as Singaporean English or Singlish.
Creole English is derived from the Standard English, but mixed with two or more different languages, such as local dialects. It differs from Pidgin English, Creole English has a fully developed vocabulary and system of grammar, and it is used by children as a native language. The main areas using Creole English are including include the Caribbean, West-Africa and South East Asian.
The concepts should have been analyzed comparatively.
4 Concepts 4
4 Relevance of Analysis 2
4 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 2.5
Part 1b Q1
Score : 8.5 /12 =» 2.8 /4
Question 2
There are two kinds of English used in Singapore, one is Standard Singapore English, which is as same as standard British English and using in on formal occasions, another is Singlish, which is an English-based creole language using in informal occasion.
Singapore is an immigrant country with about 42% of its people born outside the country syntax must be revised =»and not using English as their mother language. If there is no interference from external force, the mixture of standard English with their own mother language will generate a new dialect of Singapore.This part is not
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clear=» After the new born generation learned this dialect from their parents as their mother language, the new Singapore English variety will appear.
However, after realized this possible evolution track, Singapore government launched the Speak Good English movement in 2000. Only standard English can be used in formal occasion and all children in schools are being taught Standard English. Logical connection with the preceding idea? Therefore, there is no so called by professor Singh a speech community in Singapore. If there are no new learners, the Singlish, the Singaporean variety of English will vanish in the future.
Q2
4 Definition of Speech Community 1
4 Analysis of Singaporean Context 2
4 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 2
Score : 5 /12 =» 1.7 /4
Question 3:
My personal reasons for learning English:
⦁ To better communicate with other people, including there those who are native speakers and those who are immigrate from somewhere not speaking English. In another word, to use English as a lingua franca.
⦁ To better understand other people who is speaking another English variety. Only after I know the difference among different varieties, I can respond to my conversation partner precisely and accurately.
⦁ To better learn my English. After I learned the knowledge of English variety, I realize I cannot learn English well if I choose American English and
British English Not clear, if you think that British English and American English are the same variety of English? to sturdy at the same language. Is it confusing? It always makes me confused in some expressions. The best variety I should learn, I think, should be the International English.
4) Q3
5 Quality of Argumentation 3.5
5 Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation 3
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5) Score : 6.5 /10=» 3.25 /2
Part 1
Total Score : 13.65/20
Sosyal Çalışmacı | Social Worker 